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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> Requests库作者另一神器Pipenv的用法 </h1>
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                <h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2>
                <p>我们在运行 Python 项目的时候经常会遇到一些版本问题，例如 A 项目依赖于 Django 1.5，而 B 项目又依赖 Django 2.0，而我们的系统却只有一个 Python 解释器，我们所有的包都被装在了 Python 安装目录的 site-packages 目录下，所以 Django 只能是某个特定的版本，所以这样就会导致运行的时候导致 A 或 B 项目出现兼容问题。为了解决这个问题，我们可能会使用 virtualenv 来为项目创建一套独立的 Python 运行环境，或者我们可能会使用 Docker 容器来实现不同项目的隔离运行，但总的来说，它们使用起来其实并没有那么方便。另外在进行 Python 包管理时，requirements.txt 这样的包依赖标识文件也显得很鸡肋，在某些情况下可能会带来一些麻烦。为了解决这些问题，一个更加使用方便的包管理工具诞生了，叫做 Pipenv，接下来就让我们一起来了解一下它的用法。</p>
                <h2 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h2>
                <p>Pipenv，它的项目简介为 Python Development Workflow for Humans，是 Python 著名的 requests 库作者 kennethreitz 写的一个包管理工具，它可以为我们的项目自动创建和管理虚拟环境并非常方便地管理 Python 包，现在它也已经是 Python 官方推荐的包管理工具。 Pipenv 我们可以简单理解为 pip 和 virtualenv 的集合体，它可以为我们的项目自动创建和管理一个虚拟环境。virtualenv 在使用时我们需要手动创建一个虚拟环境然后激活，Pipenv 会自动创建。另外我们之前可能使用 requirements.txt 文件来标识项目所需要的依赖，但是这样会带来一些问题，如有的 requirements.txt 中只是将库名列出来了，没有严格指定版本号，这样就可能会导致不同时间安装的库版本是不同的，如 requirements.txt 文件中对 Django 的依赖只写了一个 django，可能在 2016 年的时候运行安装会安装 Django 的 1.x 版本，到了 2017 年就会安装 Django 的 2.x 版本，所以可能导致一些麻烦。为了解决这个问题，Pipenv 直接弃用了 requirements.txt，会同时它会使用一个叫做 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 的文件来管理项目所需的依赖包，而不再是简单地使用 requirements.txt 文件来记录项目所需要的依赖。 总的来说，Pipenv 可以解决如下问题：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>我们不需要再手动创建虚拟环境，Pipenv 会自动为我们创建，它会在某个特定的位置创建一个 virtualenv 环境，然后调用 pipenv shell 命令切换到虚拟环境。</li>
                  <li>使用 requirements.txt 可能会导致一些问题，所以 Pipenv 使用 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 来替代之，而且 Pipfile 如果不存在的话会自动创建，而且在安装、升级、移除依赖包的时候会自动更新 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 文件。</li>
                  <li>广泛使用 Hash 校验，保证安全性。</li>
                  <li>可以更清晰地查看 Python 包及其关系，调用 pipenv graph 即可呈现，结果简单明了。</li>
                  <li>可通过自动加载 .env 读取环境变量，简化开发流程。</li>
                </ul>
                <h2 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="headerlink" title="安装"></a>安装</h2>
                <p>本文内容基于 Python 3.6 说明，默认的 Python 解释器命令为 python3，包管理工具命令为 pip3。 Pipenv 是基于 Python 开发的包，所以可以直接用 pip 来安装，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip3 <span class="keyword">install</span> pipenv</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>另外还有多种安装方式，如 Pipsi、Nix、Homebrew，安装方式可以参考：<a href="http://pipenv.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#install-pipenv-today" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://pipenv.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#install-pipenv-today</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="基本使用"><a href="#基本使用" class="headerlink" title="基本使用"></a>基本使用</h2>
                <p>首先我们可以新建一个项目，例如叫做 PipenvTest，然后新建一个 Python 脚本，例如叫 main.py，内容为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight lisp">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import django</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="name">django</span>.get_version())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>直接用系统的 Python3 运行此脚本：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">python3</span> main.<span class="keyword">py</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">1.11</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们可以看到系统安装的 Django 版本是 1.11。但是我们想要本项目基于 Django 2.x 开发，当然我们可以选择将系统的 Django 版本升级，但这样又可能会影响其他的项目的运行，所以这并不是一个好的选择。为了不影响系统环境的 Django 版本，所以我们可以用 Pipenv 来创建一个虚拟环境。 在该目录下，输入 pipenv 命令即可查看命令的完整用法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">Usage</span>: pipenv [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">Options:</span></span><br><span class="line">  --update         Update Pipenv &amp; pip to latest.</span><br><span class="line">  --where          Output project home information.</span><br><span class="line">  --venv           Output virtualenv information.</span><br><span class="line">  --py             Output Python interpreter information.</span><br><span class="line">  --envs           Output Environment Variable options.</span><br><span class="line">  --rm             Remove the virtualenv.</span><br><span class="line">  --bare           Minimal output.</span><br><span class="line">  --completion     Output completion (to be eval'd).</span><br><span class="line">  --man            Display manpage.</span><br><span class="line">  --three / --two  Use Python 3/2 when creating virtualenv.</span><br><span class="line">  --python TEXT    Specify which version of Python virtualenv should use.</span><br><span class="line">  --site-packages  Enable site-packages for the virtualenv.</span><br><span class="line">  --jumbotron      An easter egg, effectively.</span><br><span class="line">  --version        Show the version and exit.</span><br><span class="line">  -h, --help       Show this message and exit.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Usage Examples:</span><br><span class="line">   Create a new project using Python 3.6, specifically:</span><br><span class="line">   $ pipenv --python 3.6</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">   Install all dependencies for a project (including dev):</span><br><span class="line">   $ pipenv install --dev</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">   Create a lockfile containing pre-releases:</span><br><span class="line">   $ pipenv lock --pre</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">   Show a graph of your installed dependencies:</span><br><span class="line">   $ pipenv graph</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">   Check your installed dependencies for security vulnerabilities:</span><br><span class="line">   $ pipenv check</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">   Install a local setup.py into your virtual environment/Pipfile:</span><br><span class="line">   $ pipenv install -e .</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">Commands:</span></span><br><span class="line">  check      Checks for security vulnerabilities and against PEP 508 markers</span><br><span class="line">             provided in Pipfile.</span><br><span class="line">  graph      Displays currently–installed dependency graph information.</span><br><span class="line">  install    Installs provided packages and adds them to Pipfile, or (if none</span><br><span class="line">             is given), installs all packages.</span><br><span class="line">  lock       Generates Pipfile.lock.</span><br><span class="line">  open       View a given module in your editor.</span><br><span class="line">  run        Spawns a command installed into the virtualenv.</span><br><span class="line">  shell      Spawns a shell within the virtualenv.</span><br><span class="line">  uninstall  Un-installs a provided package and removes it from Pipfile.</span><br><span class="line">  update     Uninstalls all packages, and re-installs package(s) in [packages]</span><br><span class="line">             to latest compatible versions.</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>接下来我们首先验证一下当前的项目是没有创建虚拟环境的，调用如下命令：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="comment">--venv</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight gradle">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">No virtualenv has been created <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="keyword">this</span> <span class="keyword">project</span> yet!</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这说明当前的项目尚未创建虚拟环境，接下来我们利用 Pipenv 来创建一个虚拟环境：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="comment">--three</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>或</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="comment">--python 3.6</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>都可以创建一个 Python3 的虚拟环境，—three 代表创建一个 Python3 版本的虚拟环境，—python 则可以指定特定的 Python 版本，当然 —two 则创建一个 Python2 版本的虚拟环境，但前提你的系统必须装有该版本的 Python 才可以。 执行完毕之后，样例输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Warning: the environment variable LANG is not <span class="keyword">set</span>!</span><br><span class="line">We recommend setting this <span class="keyword">in</span> ~/.profile (<span class="keyword">or</span> equivalent) <span class="keyword">for</span> proper expected behavior.</span><br><span class="line">Creating a virtualenv <span class="keyword">for</span> this <span class="keyword">project</span>…</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Using</span> /usr/<span class="keyword">local</span>/<span class="keyword">bin</span>/python3 <span class="keyword">to</span> <span class="keyword">create</span> virtualenv…</span><br><span class="line">⠋Running virtualenv <span class="keyword">with</span> interpreter /usr/<span class="keyword">local</span>/<span class="keyword">bin</span>/python3</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Using</span> base prefix <span class="string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.6.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">New</span> python executable <span class="keyword">in</span> /<span class="keyword">Users</span>/CQC/.local/<span class="keyword">share</span>/virtualenvs/PipenvTest-VSTVh89E/<span class="keyword">bin</span>/python3<span class="number">.6</span></span><br><span class="line">Also creating executable <span class="keyword">in</span> /<span class="keyword">Users</span>/CQC/.local/<span class="keyword">share</span>/virtualenvs/PipenvTest-VSTVh89E/<span class="keyword">bin</span>/python</span><br><span class="line">Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.</span><br><span class="line">Virtualenv location: /<span class="keyword">Users</span>/CQC/.local/<span class="keyword">share</span>/virtualenvs/PipenvTest-VSTVh89E</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里显示 Pipenv 利用 /usr/local/bin/python3 作为 virtualenv 的解释器，然后在 /Users/CQC/.local/share/virtualenvs/PipenvTest-VSTVh89E/bin 目录下创建了一个新的 Python3 解释器，同时还创建了两个可执行文件别名 python3.6 和 python，另外我们还可以发现目录下多了一个 Pipfile 文件，这时虚拟环境就创建完成了。 我们切换到 PipenvTest-VSTVh89E/bin 目录查看一下文件结构，可以看到这里面包含了 pip、pip3、pip3.6、python、python3、python3.6 等可执行文件，实际上目录结构和使用 virtualenv 时是完全一样的，只不过文件夹的位置不同而已。 接下来我们可以切换到该虚拟环境下执行命令，执行如下命令即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight dockerfile">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="keyword">shell</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>执行完毕之后样例输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Spawning environment shell (/bin/zsh). <span class="keyword">Use</span> <span class="string">'exit'</span> <span class="keyword">to</span> leave.</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">source</span> /<span class="keyword">Users</span>/CQC/.local/<span class="keyword">share</span>/virtualenvs/PipenvTest-VSTVh89E/<span class="keyword">bin</span>/<span class="keyword">activate</span>                                                            </span><br><span class="line">CQC-MAC% <span class="keyword">source</span> /<span class="keyword">Users</span>/CQC/.local/<span class="keyword">share</span>/virtualenvs/PipenvTest-VSTVh89E/<span class="keyword">bin</span>/<span class="keyword">activate</span></span><br><span class="line">(PipenvTest-VSTVh89E) CQC-MAC%</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>实际上这也和 virtualenv 激活的流程一样，也是调用了类似 source venv/bin/activate 方法将这个路径加到全局环境变量最前面，这样就会优先调用该路径下的 python、python3、python3.6 可执行文件了。 这时候我们会发现命令行的样子就变了，前面多了一个 (PipenvTest-VSTVh89E) 的标识，代表当前我们已经切换到了虚拟环境下。 这时我们用 which 或 where 命令查看一下 Python 可执行文件的路径，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight awk">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">(PipenvTest-VSTVh89E) CQC-MAC% which python3</span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp">/Users/</span>CQC<span class="regexp">/.local/</span>share<span class="regexp">/virtualenvs/</span>PipenvTest-VSTVh89E<span class="regexp">/bin/</span>python3</span><br><span class="line">(PipenvTest-VSTVh89E) CQC-MAC% which python3.<span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp">/Users/</span>CQC<span class="regexp">/.local/</span>share<span class="regexp">/virtualenvs/</span>PipenvTest-VSTVh89E<span class="regexp">/bin/</span>python3.<span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">(PipenvTest-VSTVh89E) CQC-MAC% which python</span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp">/Users/</span>CQC<span class="regexp">/.local/</span>share<span class="regexp">/virtualenvs/</span>PipenvTest-VSTVh89E<span class="regexp">/bin/</span>python</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以发现当前的 Python 可执行路径都被切换到了 PipenvTest-VSTVh89E/bin 目录下，调用的是虚拟环境中的 Python 解释器，这时我们重新执行刚才的脚本，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">(PipenvTest-VSTVh89E) CQC-MAC% <span class="keyword">python3</span> main.<span class="keyword">py</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这时我们可以发现报了如下错误：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Traceback (most recent <span class="keyword">call</span> <span class="keyword">last</span>):</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">File</span> <span class="string">"main.py"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;<span class="keyword">module</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">import</span> django</span><br><span class="line">ModuleNotFoundError: <span class="keyword">No</span> <span class="keyword">module</span> named <span class="string">'django'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这其实是因为新的虚拟环境没有安装任何的 Python 第三方包，实际上如果直接使用 virtualenv 时也是这样的结果。这是因为新的虚拟环境是一个全新的 Python 环境，它默认只包含了 Python 内置的包以及 pip、wheel、setuptools 包，其他的第三方包都没有安装。 这时我们可以使用 Pipenv 来安装 django 包，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="keyword">install</span> django</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行后输出结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight properties">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">Installing</span> <span class="string">django…</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Collecting</span> <span class="string">django</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">Downloading</span> <span class="string">Django-2.0.2-py3-none-any.whl (7.1MB)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Collecting</span> <span class="string">pytz (from django)</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">Downloading</span> <span class="string">pytz-2018.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (509kB)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Installing</span> <span class="string">collected packages: pytz, django</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Successfully</span> <span class="string">installed django-2.0.2 pytz-2018.3</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Adding</span> <span class="string">django to Pipfile's [packages]…</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Locking</span> <span class="string">[dev-packages] dependencies…</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Locking</span> <span class="string">[packages] dependencies…</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Updated</span> <span class="string">Pipfile.lock (e101fb)!</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果有这样的输出结果就代表成功安装了 Django，可以看到此时安装的 Django 版本为 2.0，代表我们的虚拟环境成功安装了 Django 2.0 版本。 同时我们还注意到它输出了一句话叫做 Updated Pipfile.lock，这时我们可以发现项目路径下又生成了一个 Pipfile.lock 文件，内容如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"_meta"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"hash"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"sha256"</span>: <span class="string">"7b9623243d9c22b1f333ee710aff70d0cbcdf1dd7e0aac69230dc76855d27270"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"host-environment-markers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"implementation_name"</span>: <span class="string">"cpython"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"implementation_version"</span>: <span class="string">"3.6.1"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"os_name"</span>: <span class="string">"posix"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"platform_machine"</span>: <span class="string">"x86_64"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"platform_python_implementation"</span>: <span class="string">"CPython"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"platform_release"</span>: <span class="string">"17.4.0"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"platform_system"</span>: <span class="string">"Darwin"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"platform_version"</span>: <span class="string">"Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Sun Dec 17 09:19:54 PST 2017; root:xnu-4570.41.2~1/RELEASE_X86_64"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"python_full_version"</span>: <span class="string">"3.6.1"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"python_version"</span>: <span class="string">"3.6"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"sys_platform"</span>: <span class="string">"darwin"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"pipfile-spec"</span>: <span class="number">6</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"requires"</span>: &#123;&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"sources"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">            &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="attr">"name"</span>: <span class="string">"pypi"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"https://pypi.python.org/simple"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="attr">"verify_ssl"</span>: <span class="literal">true</span></span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        ]</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"default"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"django"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"hashes"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:af18618ce3291be5092893d8522fe3919661bf3a1fb60e3858ae74865a4f07c2"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:9614851d4a7ff8cbd32b73c6076441f377c45a5bbff7e771798fb02c43c31f47"</span></span><br><span class="line">            ],</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"version"</span>: <span class="string">"==2.0.2"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">"pytz"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"hashes"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:ed6509d9af298b7995d69a440e2822288f2eca1681b8cce37673dbb10091e5fe"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:f93ddcdd6342f94cea379c73cddb5724e0d6d0a1c91c9bdef364dc0368ba4fda"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:61242a9abc626379574a166dc0e96a66cd7c3b27fc10868003fa210be4bff1c9"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:ba18e6a243b3625513d85239b3e49055a2f0318466e0b8a92b8fb8ca7ccdf55f"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:07edfc3d4d2705a20a6e99d97f0c4b61c800b8232dc1c04d87e8554f130148dd"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:3a47ff71597f821cd84a162e71593004286e5be07a340fd462f0d33a760782b5"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:5bd55c744e6feaa4d599a6cbd8228b4f8f9ba96de2c38d56f08e534b3c9edf0d"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:887ab5e5b32e4d0c86efddd3d055c1f363cbaa583beb8da5e22d2fa2f64d51ef"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">"sha256:410bcd1d6409026fbaa65d9ed33bf6dd8b1e94a499e32168acfc7b332e4095c0"</span></span><br><span class="line">            ],</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">"version"</span>: <span class="string">"==2018.3"</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"develop"</span>: &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到里面标识了 Python 环境基本信息，以及依赖包的版本及 hashes 值。 另外我们还可以注意到 Pipfile 文件内容也有更新，[packages] 部分多了一句 django = “<em>“，标识了本项目依赖于 Django，这个其实类似于 requirements.txt 文件。 那么到这里有小伙伴可能就会问了， Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 有什么用呢？ Pipfile 其实一个 TOML 格式的文件，标识了该项目依赖包的基本信息，还区分了生产环境和开发环境的包标识，作用上类似 requirements.txt 文件，但是功能更为强大。Pipfile.lock 详细标识了该项目的安装的包的精确版本信息、最新可用版本信息和当前库文件的 hash 值，顾明思义，它起了版本锁的作用，可以注意到当前 Pipfile.lock 文件中的 Django 版本标识为 ==2.0.2，意思是当前我们开发时使用的就是 2.0.2 版本，它可以起到版本锁定的功能。 举个例子，刚才我们安装了 Django 2.0.2 的版本，即目前（2018.2.27）的最新版本。但可能 Django 以后还会有更新，比如某一天 Django 更新到了 2.1 版本，这时如果我们想要重新部署本项目到另一台机器上，假如此时不存在 Pipfile.lock 文件，只存在 Pipfile文件，由于 Pipfile 文件中标识的 Django 依赖为 django = “</em>“，即没有版本限制，它会默认安装最新版本的 Django，即 2.1，但由于 Pipfile.lock 文件的存在，它会根据 Pipfile.lock 来安装，还是会安装 Django 2.0.2，这样就会避免一些库版本更新导致不兼容的问题。 请记住：任何情况下都不要手动修改 Pipfile.lock 文件！ 好，接下来我们再回归正题，现在已经安装好了 Django 了，那么我们重新运行此脚本便可以成功输出 Django 版本信息了：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">(PipenvTest-VSTVh89E) CQC-MAC% <span class="keyword">python3</span> main.<span class="keyword">py</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">2.0</span><span class="number">.2</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样我们就成功安装了 Django 2.x 了，和系统的 Django 1.11 没有任何冲突。 在此模式的命令行下，我们就可以使用虚拟环境下的 Python 解释器，而且所安装的依赖包对外部系统没有任何影响，而且使用 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 来管理项目的依赖更加方便和健壮。 如果想要退出虚拟环境，只需要输入 exit 命令即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight awk">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">(PipenvTest-VSTVh89E) CQC-MAC% <span class="keyword">exit</span></span><br><span class="line">➜  PipenvTest python3 main.py </span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1.11</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>输入退出命令之后，我们重新再运行此脚本，就会重新使用系统的 Python 解释器，Django 版本又重新回到了 1.11。 由此可以看来，有了 Pipenv，我们可以使用 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 来方便地管理和维护项目的依赖包，而且可以实现虚拟环境运行，避免了包冲突问题，可谓一举两得。</p>
                <h2 id="常用命令"><a href="#常用命令" class="headerlink" title="常用命令"></a>常用命令</h2>
                <p>上文我们介绍了 Pipenv 的基本操作，下面我们再介绍一下它的一些常用命令。</p>
                <h3 id="虚拟环境路径"><a href="#虚拟环境路径" class="headerlink" title="虚拟环境路径"></a>虚拟环境路径</h3>
                <p>我们可以使用 —venv 参数来获得虚拟环境路径：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="comment">--venv</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>样例输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight awk">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="regexp">/Users/</span>CQC<span class="regexp">/.local/</span>share<span class="regexp">/virtualenvs/</span>PipenvTest-VSTVh89E</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可见这个路径是一个标准的路径，Pipenv 会把虚拟环境统一放到 virtualenvs 文件夹下，而不是本项目路径下。</p>
                <h3 id="Python-解释器路径"><a href="#Python-解释器路径" class="headerlink" title="Python 解释器路径"></a>Python 解释器路径</h3>
                <p>要获取虚拟环境 Python 解释器路径，可以使用 —py 参数：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="comment">--py</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>样例输出如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight awk">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="regexp">/Users/</span>CQC<span class="regexp">/.local/</span>share<span class="regexp">/virtualenvs/</span>PipenvTest-VSTVh89E<span class="regexp">/bin/</span>python</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="加载系统-Python-包"><a href="#加载系统-Python-包" class="headerlink" title="加载系统 Python 包"></a>加载系统 Python 包</h3>
                <p>默认情况下，新创建的虚拟环境是不包含任何第三方包的，但我们也可以开启加载系统 Python 包功能，使用 —site-packages 即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ada">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="comment">--site-packages</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样创建的虚拟环境便可以使用系统已安装的 Python 包了。</p>
                <h3 id="开启虚拟环境"><a href="#开启虚拟环境" class="headerlink" title="开启虚拟环境"></a>开启虚拟环境</h3>
                <p>要开启虚拟环境只需要执行如下命令：</p>
                <figure class="highlight dockerfile">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="keyword">shell</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样就可以进入虚拟环境，此时运行的 python、python3 命令都是虚拟环境下的。</p>
                <h3 id="安装-Python-包"><a href="#安装-Python-包" class="headerlink" title="安装 Python 包"></a>安装 Python 包</h3>
                <p>安装 Python 包我们不再需要 pip 来安装，直接使用 Pipenv 也可安装，如安装 requests，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="keyword">install</span> requests</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>安装完成之后会同时更新项目目录下的 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 文件。 有时候一些 Python 包是仅仅开发环境需要的，如 pytest，这时候我们通过添加 —dev 参数即可，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="keyword">install</span> pytest <span class="comment">--dev</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这时候，pytest 的依赖便会记录在 Pipfile 的 [dev-packages] 区域：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="section">[dev-packages]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">pytest</span> = <span class="string">"*"</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="获取包依赖"><a href="#获取包依赖" class="headerlink" title="获取包依赖"></a>获取包依赖</h3>
                <p>我们可以使用命令来清晰地呈现出当前安装的 Python 包版本及之间的依赖关系，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ebnf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">pipenv graph</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>样例结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Django==<span class="number">2.0</span><span class="number">.2</span></span><br><span class="line">  - pytz [required: Any, installed: <span class="number">2018.3</span>]</span><br><span class="line">pytest==<span class="number">3.4</span><span class="number">.1</span></span><br><span class="line">  - attrs [required: &gt;=<span class="number">17.2</span><span class="number">.0</span>, installed: <span class="number">17.4</span><span class="number">.0</span>]</span><br><span class="line">  - pluggy [required: &lt;<span class="number">0.7</span>,&gt;=<span class="number">0.5</span>, installed: <span class="number">0.6</span><span class="number">.0</span>]</span><br><span class="line">  - py [required: &gt;=<span class="number">1.5</span><span class="number">.0</span>, installed: <span class="number">1.5</span><span class="number">.2</span>]</span><br><span class="line">  - setuptools [required: Any, installed: <span class="number">38.5</span><span class="number">.1</span>]</span><br><span class="line">  - six [required: &gt;=<span class="number">1.10</span><span class="number">.0</span>, installed: <span class="number">1.11</span><span class="number">.0</span>]</span><br><span class="line">requests==<span class="number">2.18</span><span class="number">.4</span></span><br><span class="line">  - certifi [required: &gt;=<span class="number">2017.4</span><span class="number">.17</span>, installed: <span class="number">2018.1</span><span class="number">.18</span>]</span><br><span class="line">  - chardet [required: &gt;=<span class="number">3.0</span><span class="number">.2</span>,&lt;<span class="number">3.1</span><span class="number">.0</span>, installed: <span class="number">3.0</span><span class="number">.4</span>]</span><br><span class="line">  - idna [required: &lt;<span class="number">2.7</span>,&gt;=<span class="number">2.5</span>, installed: <span class="number">2.6</span>]</span><br><span class="line">  - urllib3 [required: &lt;<span class="number">1.23</span>,&gt;=<span class="number">1.21</span><span class="number">.1</span>, installed: <span class="number">1.22</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到结果非常清晰，Django 当前安装了 2.0.2版本，依赖于 pytz 任何版本，已经安装了 2018.3 版本；pytest 已经安装了 3.4.1 版本，依赖 attrs&gt;=17.2.0 版本，已经安装了 17.4.0 版本，另外还依赖 pluggy、py、setuptools、six 这些库。总之包的依赖关系一目了然。</p>
                <h3 id="卸载-Python-包"><a href="#卸载-Python-包" class="headerlink" title="卸载 Python 包"></a>卸载 Python 包</h3>
                <p>卸载 Python 包也非常简单，如卸载 requests 包，命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ebnf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">pipenv uninstall requests</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>卸载完成之后，Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 文件同样会更新。 如果要卸载全部 Python 包，可以添加 —all 参数：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="keyword">uninstall</span> <span class="comment">--all</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="产生-Pipfile-lock"><a href="#产生-Pipfile-lock" class="headerlink" title="产生 Pipfile.lock"></a>产生 Pipfile.lock</h3>
                <p>有时候可能 Pipfile.lock 文件不存在或被删除了，这时候我们可以使用如下命令生成：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cos">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pipenv <span class="keyword">lock</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>以上便是一些常用的 Pipenv 命令，如果要查看更多用法可以参考其官方文档：<a href="https://docs.pipenv.org/#pipenv-usage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.pipenv.org/#pipenv-usage</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="结语"><a href="#结语" class="headerlink" title="结语"></a>结语</h2>
                <p>本文介绍了 Pipenv 的基本用法，作为 pip 和 virtualenv 的结合体，我们可以利用它更方便地创建和管理 Python 虚拟环境，还可以用更加科学的方式管理 Python 包，一举两得。 嗯，是时候抛弃 virtualenv 和 pip 了！</p>
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